Final Exam Review!

Final Exam Review!

Going over what will be on the test!

est. time: 40 minutes; 100 questions

Bring a No. 2 Pencil! We're filling out a bubble sheet. 

Know your I-Number

CLASS LECTURE: (March 30, 2017)

Art History (40 points, 20 questions)

1. Ex: Leanardo Da Vinci painted during which era?
2. True or false? (10 questions) 
1. Ex: Cave paintings were drawn at the entrance of caves for protection
3. There are 20 questions that will account for 40 pts. Mimic the sheet that he gave us. Do well on this, you'll likely do well on the rest of the exam. Pay particular attention to the handout!
1. You don't have to memorize dates.

Another Segment

1. Printmaking 
2. Name the Artist
1. There will be a variety of artists, match them up with their descriptions (what they painted or famous for)
1. Look up: Michelangelo, Andy Warhol, Rembrandt, Monet, Van Gogh, Gericault, Da Vinci, Cezanne (he is the father of modern art), Fragonard (the swing painting), Jackson Pollock.

Terms in Art (15 questions, matching up)

1. Patina
2. Repousse
3. Terra Cotta
4. Auteur
5. Solvent
6. Intensity
7. Arcuated 
8. Cire Perdue
9. Armature
10. Trompe l'oeil
11. Cartoon,
12. Trabeated
13. Impasto 
14. Tensil Strength
15. Registration

5 More questions about art history

Photo People (photography/cinematography)

1. Ansel Adams
2. Daguerre
3. Orson Wells
4. Thomas Edison
5. Timothy O'Sullivan
6. Edweard Muybridge
7. Mathew Brady
8. Alfred Hitchcock
9. D.W. Griffith
• In the book
10. Charlie Chaplin

More Multiple Choice and Fun With Numbers

1. More Art History
2. There are ____ picas to an inch
3. 2x4's are placed every...

BEST STRATEGY

Come in here, get in on time, eat something in the morning, go through it and respond and at the end check those responses. Turn it in and go on with your life.

Art History

Art History

There is no "class" quiz for this material. However, it WILL be on the Final Exam.
Final Exam will be 200 points! Be prepared!

CLASS LECTURE: (March 23, 2017)

Paleolithic Era 30,000-10,000 BCE

• "Old Stone Age"
• Nomadic hunter-gatherers
• This was perilous.
• Cave Paintings
• It was thought that cave paintings would provide "sympathetic magic" for the hunt.
• Used primitive stone tools
• Spear points and other stone tools were some of the first objects crated with "aesthetic" consciousness. 
• Bison spear thrower was evidence of sophistication early on.
• Fertility figurines
• Have a sophisticated beauty for being that old. Some of the earliest figurines depicting human shape.
• Art is used for spiritual purposes.
• Ancient humans from the Paleolithic Era inhabited cave dwellings.

Neolithic Era 8,000 - 2,000 BCE

• "New Stone Age"
• Established dwellings
• Neolithic people developed permanent dwellings.
• Later lived in communities for convenience and protection.
• Some remote places still use this style.
• Domesticated crops and flocks
• More refined stone tools
• Art was used decoratively 
• Rise of Megalithic architecture
• "Great Stone" architecture
• Ex: Stone henge = thought to be a calendar which helps define significant astronomical events such as the Winter and Summer Solstices and the Spring and Autumn Equinoxes.

Mesopotamian Era 3,500 BCE

• Developed God-Man relationship
• Invented written language
• Cuneiform Writing: The Stele with the Code of Hammurabi 
• Concept of the City-State
• Ziggurat
• Artificial mountain topped with a temple
• Tower of Babel? The Ziggurat at Babylon, God confounds language
• Worship Figures
• Made to depict seeing God. 
• Graven Images?
• Mesopotamian Cylinder Seals
• Assyrian Winged-Bulls, Palace Guardian Figures
• Developed the City State
• Ex: The Ishtar Gate, Babylonian, 575 BCE

Egyptian, 2,500 BCE

• Advanced Civilization
• More life-life figure representation
• Funerary, directed toward the after-life
• Geographically isolated, consistency of style

Greek: 450 BCE

• Man is the measure of all things
• Man was depicted as an idealized hero (physically fit). 
• Law, medicine, government, culture
• Parthenon
• Life-like sculpture, Contrapposto
• Pottery
• Ex: hydra, lekythos, krater, kylix, amphora, oenochoe, etc.

Roman: 300 BCE - 400 AD

• Conquered the known world
• From the near east, northern Africa, Spain, France, Germany, etc. all the way up to England.
• If you conquer all of this land, you would have to administer over all of it.
• Greatest builders of all time
• Colosseum, Pantheon, Pont du Gard
• Interested in exporting their culture

-End of Class Discussion-

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CLASS LECTURE: (March 28, 2017)

Christian/Byzantine: 300-1000 AD

• Mosaics
• KEY to the Byzantine Empire.
• A picture that's made up of a bunch of little pieces of glass, rock, etc.
• Roman era was very literal, step forward to Byzantine Empire where mosaics are abstract.
• Stylized representation
• Hagia Sophia
• The Roman capital once moved to Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey. Byzantine Empire. Christianity was named Rome's official religion by Emperor Byzantine.
• There wasn't a difference between the leader of the church and the leader of the land.

Romanesque Era: 1000-1200 AD

• Church Building
• Round arches, fortress like
• Illuminated Manuscripts
• Thanks to the catholics, they kept learning and education alive, as well as the bible. One of the ways they did it is by copying the bible, and translating the bible.
• Because they were translating the word go God, they made it beautiful, filled with drawings in the margins. 
• Loosing the ability to represent people realistically. 

Gothic Era: 1150-1400 AD

• Barbarian influence on culture
• Pointed arches, stained glass
• Elaborate, soaring architecture
• Salt Lake Temple is an example of Gothic Revival
• Gargoil and Grotesques
• Ex: Notre Dame, used as drains for the rain.

Renaissance: 15th-16th century

• Rise of "Humanism" -- Man is the measure of all things....--
• Reasoning, science
• Study anatomy, nature
• Less about the church. It questioned some of the tenants of the church.
• The "great awakening"
• Birth place was in Florence, Italy
• Leanardo Da Vinci (1452-1519
• Very curious about everything.
• To illustrate his sketchbooks.
• He knew so much stuff, nearly everything, more than any other person.
• Created a bunch of stuff used in war, created musical instruments, etc.
• We classify him as an artist for the purpose of his class.
• Notorious for starting something and not finishing it.
• The "Mona Lisa"
• probably famous because it loos like a real person, unlike other paintings of the Italian Renaissance. Leonardo and Michelangelo were allowed to dissect dead bodies and studied anatomy. Appeals to reason instead of God so intently. 
• Believed in God, but not as much as Michelangelo
• "The Last Supper"
• Michelangelo Bournarroti (1476-1564)
• In order to finish everything he intended, he would have to be 500 years old.
• "The Pieta", "The Moses", "The David"
• Michelangelo considered himself a sculptor of marble.
• Still asked to be a painter, reluctantly painted the Sistine Chapel. 
• The ceiling is a series of storied from the Old Testament. 
• "The Creation of Man"

Baroque: 17th century

• Grand, dramatic, action, theatrical
• Complete understanding of anatomy and perspective
• Rembrant, Reubens, Bernini
• Peter Paul Reubens
• "The Raising of the Cross", "The Tiger Hunt"
• Shows action - something's happening inside the painting.
• Would paint these things in a couple of weeks. 
• Back then, the artist was a prince. Now artists are considered "dead-beats"
• Rembrant van Rijn
• "The Night Watch",
• Made a dent in his career
• Mixed story with drama 
• "Christ Preaching" (Etching).
• John Lorenzo Bernini
• "The David", "Daphne and Apollo", "The Ecstasy of St. Theresa"
• Action in the sculpture

Rococo: 18th century (French)

• Decline of the aristocracy
• Right before the French Revolution
• Pastel, playful, romance themes
• Corny courtship, but symbolic of the time.
• Fragonard, Watteau, Boucher
• Honore Fragonard
• "The Swing"
• Typifies the artwork of that era.
• Almost decor more than anything else.
• Flirtatious woman with a guy checking out her legs (at this time, showing an ankle was considered scandalous). The statue blushes at this indiscretion.
• Watteau
• "The Bathers"
• Pretty much an extension of the Baroque but to know no serious end.
• Architecture
• "Wieskirche", Germany
• Simple on the outside, elaborate on the inside
• Grand elaborateness of the Rococo period.

"A lot of times in art, you react against something that has been there for a long time (like a kid trying to shove mom and dad away when they go to college)

Neoclassicism: 19th century

• Didactic, (moral message)
• Return to classic era
• David, Ingres, Jefferson
• Jaques Louis David
• "The Death of Marat"
• The way that it is rendered is very different than before.
• Marat was sick and sat in a bath writing letters. A girl came in (relative of someone he sent to the guillotine) and plunged a dagger through his heart.
• Marat considered a martyr.
• "The Death of Socrates"
• We want our freedom! We need to prove that we can govern ourselves!
• Thomas Jefferson's home
• "Monticello"
• Looks like a Greek temple and a Roman Pantheon.
• Houdon
• "George Washington"

Romanticism: 19th century

• Passion, Intuition, Talent
• Things that we can't explain. What defies logic. Celebrates that we can't explain everything in the world!
• Nature, Emotion
• Primacy of the Individual
• Delacroix, Gericault
• Gericault
• "The Raft of the Medusa"
• Soldiers wrecked of the coast of North Africa, made a make shift raft, who will survive? Resorts to cannibalism. Some have hope, others given up hope, and others are dead.
• Delacriox
• "The Death of Sardanapalus"
• Exotic, interesting.
• Bonheur
• "The Horse Fair"
• Argued by Bro. Griffin that it is Romanticism.
• Dealt with things people don't understand. You don't know what's going to happen when you get on that horse. Nature is "untamable".

-End of Class Discussion-

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CLASS LECTURE: (March 30, 2017)

Realism: 19th century

• Represented subject truthfully
• "Show me an angel and I'll paint you one"
• Realism is wheat's REAL
• Show people as they really were
• Rejected emotionalism and exaggeration
• Rousseau, Corbet, Homer
• Social Realism
• What they were doing
• Optical Realism
• What it looked like
• Courbet
• "The Stone Breakers"
• Homer
• "Snap the Whip"
• Eakins
• "Champion Single Sculls"

Impressionism: 19th century

• Rapid execution, free brushstrokes
• Bright color
• Painting out-of-doors (plein air)
• Monet, Degas
• Impressionism was a big deal
• They'd paint all day, then get together and talk about painting and get drunk. This repeated over and over. Most (well known) impressionists did this.
• Monet
• "Impression Sunrise"
• "Haystacks"
• Experimented with atmospheric light

Post Impressionism: 19th century

• Individual expression by artists after Impressionism
• Included: Van Gogh, Gauguin, etc.
• Van Gogh
• "Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear"
• Only sold one painting in his entire life, even though all of the men in his family were art dealers.
• "The Starry Night"
• Thick, intense color.
• Gauguin
• "Self Portrait"
• "Day of the God" 
• "The Painter of Sunflowers"
• Painted Van Gogh painting sunflowers.
• Seurat
• "Sunday Afternoon on the Isle of La Grande Jatte"
• Cezanne
• Father of modern art
• "Monte St. Victoire"

Abstraction/Cubism: 20th century

• A departure from reality
• Independence from Renaissance ideals
• Reflection of modern world, technology, etc.
• Picasso, Kandinsky, Klee
• Picasso
• "The Old Guitarist"
• What would have been really intolerable 50 years prior
• Although done 100 years ago, still looks like modern art.
• "The Three Musicians"
• Kandinsky
• Very interested in color.
• Klee

Dadaism: 20th century

• Nihilistic, non-sensical, iconoclastic
• Against main stream culture
• Wanted to create an alternative culture
• Rejected nationalism, war, rationality
• DuChamp
• Oppenheim
• "The Fur-Lined Teacup"
• Duchamp
• "Ready Made altered for an auditory pun"
• Directly making fun of Mona Lisa

Surrealism: 20th century

• The use of surprise, unexpected juxtaposition
• Dream-like, allowed the sub-concious to speak
• Non-sequitur
• Salvador Dali
• "The Persistence of Memory"
• "Apparition of a Face and Fruit Dish on a Beach"
• "Sleep"
• Rene Magritte
• "The Son of Man"
• "The Grand Pyrenees"

Abstract Expressionism: 1940's -- present

• Reaction to WWII
• Assertion of the individual
• Free application of paint
• Rebellious, active, spontaneous
• Drip, dribble, splatter, splash
• New York City
• Frankenthaler
• Unfettered expression of human emotion through paint and color.
• The dreaded modern art
• "This style will last for a thousand years"
• Jackson Pollock

Pop Art: 1950's -- present

• Reflection of modern society
• Popular 
• Andy Warhol
• "Marilyn Monroe"
• "Soup Can"

Op Art: 1960's -- present

• Optical illusion as art.
• Victor Vasarely
• Most well known Op Artist in the world.

Photorealism: 1960's to present

• Using the camera image
• Base a painting on a photographic image.
• Church Close

Conceptual Art: 1970's -- present

• The idea takes precedence over the artifact

-End of Class Discussion-

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Architecture

Architecture

"You need to find something in life that's meaningful to you. Some will try to convince you that what you want to do wouldn't be the best for you. But make sure you keep your options open. Don't think if you don't achieve that personal goal that you've kept yourself from feeling fulfilled by it."

"Architecture is the combination of Aesthetics and Engineering"

LAST QUIZ ON TUESDAY
Final Exam will be on April 4th

CLASS LECTURE: (March 14, 2017)

Architecture

• Average lifespan of a building is 50 years.
• The combination of Aesthetic and Engineering
• Aesthetics = The beauty, design, and function of the structure.
• Engineering = must consider two factors: weight and tensile strength.
• Tensil strength = the ability of a material to span distances unsupported.

"If you want to know how old a building is... just weigh it." -- R. Buckminster Fuller

Architecture Structural Systems

• Shell System
• Blocks stacked on top of each other. Compresses the walls and holds the structure up. Nothing hidden.
• Ex: Cabins and igloos.
• Skeleton-and-Skin
• Internal framework that holds the structure up, and the walls are draped along the internal structure.
• Ex: Teepee

Load-bearing Construction

• Lower members supporting upper members.

Stacking and Piling

• Before, people would find shelter instead of making it.
• Then they got the idea that it would be smart to build a structure, and put effort into building shelters.
• Stacking and Piling used for ancient fortifications...
• Ex: The Ishtar Gate, or the original Spori building.
• New Spori building is a Skeleton-and-skin building.
• New uses for Stacking and Piling
• Ex: Using metal shipping containers and creating buildings out of them. 

Architecture Structural Families:

• Trabeated
• "Using the beam"
• Trabeated or post and lintel system
• Architecture Post-and-Lintel
• You have posts (sides) and the lintel (beam on top of the sides) putting stress down on the posts.
• Ex: Stonehenge, Ancient Egyptian culture, Ancient Greece (Parthenon).
• Arcuated
• "Using the arch."
• Arch and Barrel Vault (Rounded Arch)
• Ex: Pont du Gard (Nimes, France), Colosseum (Rome). 

Spotlight: Romanesque and Gothic Architecture

• The transition from round to pointed arches in the Middle Ages.
• Romanesque Architecture: Round Arch
• Romanesque = Roman like.
• @ 1000-1225 A.D.
• Round arches, thick walls, small windows, fortress-like, "masculine".
• Gothic Architecture: Pointed Arch and Vault
• Evolution of Romanesque 
• @1125-1400 A.D.
• Verticality is an important idea when it comes to religious architecture. 
• Ex: Notre Dame
• Pointed arch, greater height, larger windows, flying buttress, "feminine".
• If you see a combination of both styles, call it Romanesque.

Dome

• A rounded vault comprising the roof of a building.
• Stress comes down and out.
• Ex: Pantheon, Rome. (Dome on Drum)
• The oculus is approximately 30 feet in diameter.
• Pantheon = "To all the Gods"
• The Dome with Pendentives
• Pendentive is a triangular shape that transitions from the circle to the square.
• Ex: (1) Hagia Sophia, (2) The Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey. (3) Taj Mahal. (4) St. Peter's Basilica, Rome.,  (5) St Basil's Cathedral on Red Square, Moscow, Russia.,  (6) U.S. Capitol Building,Washington, D.C.,   (7) Salt Lake Tabernacle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.,   (8) Geodesic Dome, Buckminster Fuller. 

-End of Class Discussion-

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CLASS LECTURE: (March 16, 2017)

Modern Building Methods

• Casti-Iron Construction
• Greater tensil strength, lighter weight.
• Crystal Palace Joseph Paxton. Hyde Park, London. Cast Iron and Plate glass. 1851.
• Joseph Paxton was originally a greenhouse architect.
• Up to this point, it would take years and years to make a building. It took Paxton 16 weeks to make this building. 
• People couldn't believe it, mostly because there was so much light that came in. It was basically all windows!
• Plate glass was flexible, but really strong. 
• Cast Iron bridge
• Beginning to fit in with the industrial revolution.
• Eiffel Tower 
• Around 1,000 ft high. It's huge!
• Truss Construction
• Truss = A beam that has the weight removed and relies on triangles.
• Ex: Sydney Harbor Bridge
• Steel-Cage Construction
• A steel structure made of beams and columns.
• A combination of beams put together.
• Used to make skyscrapers.
• Ex: Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Missouri. Louis Sullivan. 1890-91, Considered the first skyscraper.
• International style
• Built in with the Steel Cage method.
• The clean lines and simplicity of it. The use of glass and steel. 
• Ex: Lever house, NYC. 
• Suspension
• Something is suspended, and usually from cables.
• Ex: Brooklyn Bridge., Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco. 
• Has more flexibility.
• Cantilever
• A structure anchored at one end, often projecting into space with no visible means of support. 
• A cantilever is a beam which is anchored which is anchored on one end and projects beyond its support.
• Ex: Falling Water, Mill Run, Pennsylvania. 1935. Frank Lloyd Wright. 
• Steel Reinforced-Concrete
• "Ferro concrete"
• It allows the concrete to be more flexible.
• Ex: Sydney Opera House, Australia., Concrete ships.
• Geodesic Domes

Architecture: Miscellaneous Examples

• Louvre, Parliament Building in London,...

Real or soon to be real?

-End of Class Discussion-

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Crafts

Crafts

CLASS LECTURE: (March 7, 2017)

Crafts

• Expert work, done by "Hand"...
• Craftwork is generally not mass produced, especially after the industrial revolution.
• In times like the Civil War, there was no mass production, so things had to be done by individuals.
• Traditional arts
• From clans, pedigrees, and countries.
• Whether or not we make them beautiful or useful depends on our skill, education, etc.
• Can range from a popsicle stick sculpture or making a violin.
• Tremendously wide definition; it's basically known as the functional arts.
• Form follows function
• When you make something, think of what it will do.
• In order for a craft to be valuable, it needs a function.
• Heirloom
• Heir = One who inherits something.
• Loom = A way of weaving fabric.
• Passed down through generations. 
• Has a lot of sentimental value and meaningful history. 
• Popular Craft
• Moderate skills required
• Done for enjoyment
• Example:
• Scrapbooking.
• Serious Crafting
• Done by professional crafters
• High level of skill
• Example:
• Violins

Traditional Media

• Clay
• Glass
• Metal
• Wood
• Fiber

Clay

• Ceramics / Keramos
• Qualities:
• Plastic
• Able to be formed, can use it to make things.
• It's basically dirt.
• Vitreous
• Having a glass-like quality
• Terra-cotta, when you fire it, it can take on some of the attributes of glass.
• Refers to the fact that it turns hard.

Types (Clay)

1. Earthenware
• Terra cotta
• Reddish clay, fired at lower temperatures (approximately 1800 degrees F.)
• It can become vitreous, but also not vitreous
• Water could potentially not go through it, or can go through it.
2. Stoneware
• Clays that are brown-grayish, fired at approximately 2300degrees F.
3. Porcelain
• Most refined clay
• Porcelain are white, fine clays fired at approximately 2700 degrees F.

Forming Methods (Clay)

1. Pinching
• Very common for people to do (we've all done it before)
• Holding the clay, then sticking your thumbs in it and it creates a bowl.
• Can create very nice pieces.
2. Coiling
• Make snakes and wind them up and smooth them over
• You normally start with a wooden bowl on bottom to make it symmetrical.
• Maria Martinez (1881-1980)
• Made these kind of pots and sold them on the roads to tourists.
• Could make using sheep dung
• Her pots could now be sold for half a million dollars.
3. Slabbing
• Making things that are geometric
• Slip
• Liquified clay
• Has a lot of water with it
• Acts as a glue to put on edges of slabs, then when the two slabs are pressed together, it keeps them together.
4. Throwing
• What you do when you put clay on a potters wheel and spin it around.
• You have to take it off the potters wheel and dry it slowly
• If you dry it too fast, it cracks.
• This is called Greenware
• unfired pottery
• First firing called Bisque
• Becomes Bisqueware
• Glaze 
• A glaze looks nothing like what it will look like after the glaze firing.
• Glaze firing is the second firing
• Glaze and glass are the same word.
• Temperature has to be controlled in the cooling process after the glaze firing.

Glass

• A supercooled liquid
• SiO2
• Silica - Sand
• Basically melted sand

Forming Methods (Glass)

• Moulding
• Sculpting
• Blowing
• Venice, Italy

-End of Class Discussion-

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"You don't always need fancy equipment to make beautiful stuff."

CLASS LECTURE: (March 9, 2017)

Throwing

• Process
• Wedge the clay
• Cut to manageable pieces, then pushed and pressed so all air bubbles will leave.
• Centering the clay on the wheel
• Opening a cylinder
• Forming
• Trimming
• Left with Greenware
• Clay that has been formed but not fired; can return to clay status.
• Bisque firing
• Has to be done slowly, example was 24 hours, so all moisture will leave
• Left with Bisqueware
• Clay that has been permanently altered
• Applying the Glaze
• Glazes are coatings consisting of different minerals, etc., that react to firing.
• Glazes react to the kiln and creates different colors based on temperatures.
• Glaze Firing
• Final Step in firing ceramics.

Glass

• Attach glass to the end of the Blowpipe
• Blowing and sculpting the glass
• Glass as a craft...
• Glass as art...

Metal

• Forming Processes
1. Forging
• Repoussé / annealing
• Blacksmiths
• You start placing it in hot fire called a "Forge", hot enough to melt metal.
• Hammering the metal on an anvil.
• Shaping the metal
• Left with the finished product
2. Casting
• Cire Perdue
3. Fabricating
• Welding/Soldering/Rivetting

Wood

• Carving
• Turning - Lathe
• When you spin the wood around, then take a chisel and place it on the wood to carve it.
• Assembling
• Decorating
• Inlay - Marquetry
• Fabrication
• Other uses...
• Making barrels
• Inlaid Wood Marquetry

Fiber

• Types of Fibers
1. Animal
• Wool / Silk
2. Plant
• Cotton / Linen
3. Synthetic
• Nylon / Polyester
• Fabric Forming Processes
• Weaving
• Loom, Warp & Weft
• A basic, simple idea, but by performing that simple idea, you can create complicated and beautiful pieces.
• Warp are the vertical fibers
• Weft are the horizontal fibers.
• Knotting
• Knit, Crochet, Tat, Macramé
• Tatting takes Macrame to a finer degree.
• Made out of knotted thread. 

Fiber Fabric Decorating Processes

• Embroidery
• Needlepoint
• Applique
• Sewing material together
• Material sewn on other material.
• Tapestry
• Painting a picture with thread.
• Dying
• Quilting

Book Arts

• Paper / Papyrus
• Leather, Vellum / Parchment

-End of Class Discussion-

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Scuplture

Sculpture

"You may have a lot of talent, but you need to develop that talent."

CLASS LECTURE: (February 23, 2017)

Methods

1. Modeling
• Additive & Subtractive
2. Casting
• Additive
3. Carving
• Subtractive
4. Assembling
• Additive

Additive or Subtractive Means

• Additive = The process of putting something on.
• Subtractive = The process of taking something away.

Modeling

• Clay
• Oils based
• You can't fire this type of clay. It will melt.
• Water based
• Armature
• An interior support system (metal pipe and aluminum wire)
• The clay is so heavy, it needs help keeping it up.

Casting

• Invented in Africa
• Bronze statues.

Steps in the Lost Wax Casting Method:

• Create mold of the original clay
• Remove the original from the mold
• Coat interior of mold with melted wax.
• Remove hollow wax replacement of original clay.
• Encase wax in plaster mold
• Melt wax from plaster mold
• Turn mold upside down and pour in molten bronze
• Remove plaster mold
• Cireperdue
• Cire = wax
• Perdue = lost
• Result : Hollow bronze identical to original clay.
• Cireperdue 
• Cire = wax
• Perdue = lost
• Patina
• The finish on a bronze sculpture
• Using heat and chemicals

Carving

• The process of taking away (reductive/subtractive)
• 
  

-End of Class Discussion-

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CLASS LECTURE: (February 28, 2017)

“In every block of marble I see a statue as plain as though it stood before me, shaped and perfect in attitude and action. I have only to hew away the rough walls that imprison the lovely apparition to reveal it to the other eyes as mine see it.” -- Michelangelo, about carving.

Carving

• The process of taking away (reductive/subtractive)

Assembling

• We were given the example of students who went to the dump, found interesting things, and made sculptures out of what they found.
• Similar to the pictures of the "muffler" sculptures.

Dimensions of Sculpture

• BAS (Low) RELIEF
• Projects < 50% from the surface
• HAUT (high) RELIEF
• Projects > 50% from the surface 
• FREESTANDING
• or Sculpture "In the Round" (seen from 360 degrees)

Low Relief Sculpture

• Almost flat
• Much like the face of George Washington on a quarter
• Trajan's Column, Rome 113 AD

High Relief 

• Sticks out much more than low relief sculptures.
• Example:
• "Elgin Marbles" Parthenon Frieze, Greek, 450 BC

Freestanding

• Something that can be viewed from all around.
• Example:
• The Augustus of Prima Porta, Roman
• Very difficult to do, to make a sculpture look good from every angle. 
• Takes great artistic skill.
• There was a Spencer W. Kimball sculpture that was absolutely terrible. IT looked great from the front, but from the sides, or anywhere else, it looked like a monkey-Yoda mixture.

The Human Figure

Contrapposto

• Mankind, from the earliest days, tried to commemorate human beings.

The Human Figure: Frontal vs Contrapposto

• Contrapposto
• Italian word for counterweight or counterpoise.
• In order for something to look balanced, it has to BE balanced
• Example:
• Mycerinus and Ka-Merer-Nebty from Giza

A Survey of Sculpture Both Ancient & Modern

Mobile

• Sculptures that move.

Sculpture Gallery

• Classical Influence, Representational Motives...
• Stone Heads, Easter Island
• Mount Rushmore
• Handcart Pioneers, Torlief Knaphus
• The Pieta, Michelangelo
• Sculpture as fun, Common People...
• Serious Artists...
• Duane Hansen
• Christo and Jean Claude 

Cinematography Continued...

Cinematography Continued...

This Thursday, we are having a QUIZ on photography and cinematography. 

Next Tuesday, we will have a take home QUIZ.

NEXT Thursday, we will have no class!

CLASS LECTURE: (February 21, 2017)

We're watching a movie! It's in the AFI top 100, but we won't get credit for watching it.

Charles Chaplin in "The Gold Rush"

Photography

Photography

HAPPY BIRTHDAY BROTHER GRIFFIN!!

CLASS LECTURE: (February 14, 2017)

Photography

• "Light Picture"
• MEDIUM = Light
• Photography was invented in 1826
• Light can transmit an image
• First noticed by seeing a reflection.
• "Light can reflect an image!"
• If you put a hole in a cardboard box, on the opposite side you will see an image, but fuzzy and upside down.
• Accuracy!

Camera Obscura

• "Box" "Dark"
• A dark area
• Originally used to project an image on a canvas to paint more realistically. 
• A camera obscure COULD NOT make photographs.
• Basically just a box with a hole in it.

Heliography

• "Sun Writing"
• Invented by Joseph Niépce in 1826.
• First photographic image!
• 8 hours of exposure time.
• Pewter plate was sensitized using chemicals (asphaltum). 
• Solvents were used to was away asphaltum that wasn't hardened by the light.
• Created an immediate positive image
• Couldn't be copied.

Daguerreotype

• Invented by a Frenchman named Jacques Louis Daguerre.
• Worked with Niépce.
• Improved and changed the way photographs were taken.
• Photographs had to be kept inside of a special box.
• Oxygen made it deteriorate.
• Mathew Brady
• His goal was to take a photo of every important person.
• Famous for taking pictures of the Civil War.

Kodak

• Eastman Kodak Company
• "You press the button, we do the rest"
• George Eastman

Photomechanical Image Recording

• Portraiture
• Images of people like Abert Einstein, Helen Keller, and Abraham Lincoln were captured, so we know what they look like years later.
•  Landscape
• Ansel Adams
• He had an unbelievable drive to capture images that he really wanted to capture.

Documentation

• Dorthea Lange

Purposes of Photography

• Fine Art
• Photojournalism

• Television
  
• Newspaper
• News Correspondent
• Documents the things that are happening. "Stuff that's going on".
• On the scene
• Shows an example of someone documenting the Vietnam era, and the photo of a couple celebrating the end of WWII
• Editorial Photography

•  Editorial Photography
• To convey a certain image about something or to sell a product.
• Advertising
• Fashion

Cinematography

• Kinemat = Movement
• Graphy = Picture

-End of Class Discussion-

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CLASS LECTURE: (February 16, 2017)

We can watch classic films for extra credit! Just go to afi.com

We can watch anything OTHER than fantasy or science fiction films, unless you clear it with Bro. Griffin.

We can't watch anything that we have already seen.
We get 5 pts per movie you watch, and we have a limit of 5 movies we can get extra credit for.

Cinematography

• Kinemat = Movement
• Graphy = Picture
• We are adding motion to photography.
• Studies of Motion



Zoopraxiscope

• Eadweard Muybridge
• "Animal Locomotion" 1887
• Inventor of the "Zoopraxiscope"
• Origins of animation
• Principle
• Persistence of Vision
• Retention of a visual image in the mind.
• Zoopraxiscope
• Like a little toy



Celluloid Negatives

• A bunch of pictures on a wheel, and spun around.
• Celluloid Negatives
• Invented by Hannibal Goodwin, 1888
• Refined and marketed by George Eastman, 1889
• Thomas Edison was involved,
• Goodwin's next step was to create long strips of film where a series of still pictures could be captured in rapid succession.

Three Necessary Elements

1. Flexible Connected Images
• William Talbot - Celluloid
2. Artificial Light Source
• Thomas Edison - Light bulb
3. Projector
• Lumiere Brothers

Film Shorts

• First film in laboratory = "Fredd Ott's S Sneeze" 1894
• Thomas Edison, W.K.L. Dickson
• Forst Commercial film = "The Arrival of the Train" 1895
• The Lumiere Brothers.

Silent Film Era

• 1890's - 1927
• Charlie Chaplin, Auteur
• "Auteur" = Author
• Person who exerts great creative control.

Technical Advances

• Sound - 1927
• Color - 1930

Terminology

• Full shot - head to toe
• Medium shot - waist up
• Close up - Head & Shoulders
• Extreme Close Up - Part of face
• Long shot - distance
• Flashback - cut to earlier times
• Cross cut - Two or more scenes together
• Animation 
• Special Effects
• etc. ...

-End of Class Discussion-

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Graphic Design

Graphic Design

CLASS LECTURE: (February 7, 2017)

Logotypes

• A visual symbol for a business or an identifying mark.
• Handed down from the "family crests".
• Trademarks from swords, etc.
• Nike, Target, World Wildlife Fund, Shell, Twitter, McDonalds, Mercedes, Apple, NBC.

Corporate Identity

"If you're a big business, everything you do should remind people of your business."

"If the logo doesn't communicate almost immediately what the business is, you're a bad graphic designer. I don't care how pretty you think it is."

• Branding
• The identity of a corporation.
• It has to communicate, otherwise it's a bad design.
• Identity Book
• We can mis-design, or over-design.
• We were given the example of Bro. Griffin being hired to create a logo for a restaurant. HE did well, but the restaurant couldn't use the logo because it made the restaurant look too expensive.
• It needs to be:
• Recognizable, approachable, clean, etc.
• Create a look of professionalism

Package Design

• We reviewed different product designs and whether it is successful or not.

Editorial Design

• The way magazine covers are designed, etc.
• Something that makes it work is when the design and the typography fit together really well.

Poster Design

Web Design

Advertising

• It gives us a "feeling" for something.
• A child had an Eggo waffle for a halo as he left for school on a poster.
• Bathroom fixtures: "It's seen you naked. It's heard you sing."
• Cascade Clear: "2 times more hydrogen than oxygen!"

-End of Class Discussion-

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CLASS LECTURE: (February 9, 2017)

For those of you who missed class today, you missed an extra credit opportunity.

THIS INFORMATION IS NOT IN THE BOOK. This is NEW information from Brother Griffin.
Half of the quiz on Tuesday is going to be on Typography. 

Typography

• The formal word for the art and science of letter forms.
• Science, because of the analysis of how it affects the person.
• If it's too big or too small
• Your eye has been trained to read words, even if it is halfway covered (on top or bottom)
• Font
• All of the characters of one particular typestyle. 
• Type has tremendous variety
• Type has "personality"
• Is it harsh, bold, powerful, meek, cuddly, etc.?
• Friendly, forceful, cold, conservative, stern, medium emotion, warm, strong, unsettling, flippant, edgy.

Categories of Type

1. Serif
2. Sans Serif
3. Decorative
4. Script

• Serif
• Serifs are the "wings" on the letters.
• Thick and thin strokes.
• Times, Century, etc.
• Sans Serif
• Plain, without wings.
• Strokes have even width
• Arial, Century Gothic, etc.
• Decorative

• Have more personality
• It's harder to read, so is used less often.
• Typically used for titles.

• Papayrus, Playbill, etc.
• Script
•  Types of Script font:
• Determination, Flight of Fancy, etc.

Weight of Type:

• Types:
• Thin, Light, Regular, Medium, Bold, Black, Condensed

Measuring Type:

• Points and Picas
• Picas
• 1/6 of an inch.
• Points
• 1/72 of an inch.
• 12 points = 1 pica
• 72 points = 1 inch.

Leading

• The space between the lines of type.
• From baseline to baseline.
• The smaller the type, and the tighter the leading, the less legible it is.

Type Alignment

• Flush Left, Flush Right, Centered, and Justified
• The four most common.
• Centered
• Commonly used for wedding invitation
• Justified
• Commonly used for newspapers.

Layout, Paste Up, Mechanical

• Mechanical
• Composed according to a "Grid System"
• What is sent to the printer.
• Progression
• Thumb nail, Rough Comp, Tight Comp.
• Four Color Printing Process

Four Color Printing Process

• Color is separated into four colors
• Cyan Magenta, Yellow, Black
• CMYK
• Dot Pattern
• Visual Mixing
• Talked about previously.

-End of Class Discussion-

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