Final Exam Review!

Final Exam Review!

Going over what will be on the test!

est. time: 40 minutes; 100 questions

Bring a No. 2 Pencil! We're filling out a bubble sheet. 

Know your I-Number

CLASS LECTURE: (March 30, 2017)

Art History (40 points, 20 questions)

1. Ex: Leanardo Da Vinci painted during which era?
2. True or false? (10 questions) 
1. Ex: Cave paintings were drawn at the entrance of caves for protection
3. There are 20 questions that will account for 40 pts. Mimic the sheet that he gave us. Do well on this, you'll likely do well on the rest of the exam. Pay particular attention to the handout!
1. You don't have to memorize dates.

Another Segment

1. Printmaking 
2. Name the Artist
1. There will be a variety of artists, match them up with their descriptions (what they painted or famous for)
1. Look up: Michelangelo, Andy Warhol, Rembrandt, Monet, Van Gogh, Gericault, Da Vinci, Cezanne (he is the father of modern art), Fragonard (the swing painting), Jackson Pollock.

Terms in Art (15 questions, matching up)

1. Patina
2. Repousse
3. Terra Cotta
4. Auteur
5. Solvent
6. Intensity
7. Arcuated 
8. Cire Perdue
9. Armature
10. Trompe l'oeil
11. Cartoon,
12. Trabeated
13. Impasto 
14. Tensil Strength
15. Registration

5 More questions about art history

Photo People (photography/cinematography)

1. Ansel Adams
2. Daguerre
3. Orson Wells
4. Thomas Edison
5. Timothy O'Sullivan
6. Edweard Muybridge
7. Mathew Brady
8. Alfred Hitchcock
9. D.W. Griffith
• In the book
10. Charlie Chaplin

More Multiple Choice and Fun With Numbers

1. More Art History
2. There are ____ picas to an inch
3. 2x4's are placed every...

BEST STRATEGY

Come in here, get in on time, eat something in the morning, go through it and respond and at the end check those responses. Turn it in and go on with your life.

Art History

Art History

There is no "class" quiz for this material. However, it WILL be on the Final Exam.
Final Exam will be 200 points! Be prepared!

CLASS LECTURE: (March 23, 2017)

Paleolithic Era 30,000-10,000 BCE

• "Old Stone Age"
• Nomadic hunter-gatherers
• This was perilous.
• Cave Paintings
• It was thought that cave paintings would provide "sympathetic magic" for the hunt.
• Used primitive stone tools
• Spear points and other stone tools were some of the first objects crated with "aesthetic" consciousness. 
• Bison spear thrower was evidence of sophistication early on.
• Fertility figurines
• Have a sophisticated beauty for being that old. Some of the earliest figurines depicting human shape.
• Art is used for spiritual purposes.
• Ancient humans from the Paleolithic Era inhabited cave dwellings.

Neolithic Era 8,000 - 2,000 BCE

• "New Stone Age"
• Established dwellings
• Neolithic people developed permanent dwellings.
• Later lived in communities for convenience and protection.
• Some remote places still use this style.
• Domesticated crops and flocks
• More refined stone tools
• Art was used decoratively 
• Rise of Megalithic architecture
• "Great Stone" architecture
• Ex: Stone henge = thought to be a calendar which helps define significant astronomical events such as the Winter and Summer Solstices and the Spring and Autumn Equinoxes.

Mesopotamian Era 3,500 BCE

• Developed God-Man relationship
• Invented written language
• Cuneiform Writing: The Stele with the Code of Hammurabi 
• Concept of the City-State
• Ziggurat
• Artificial mountain topped with a temple
• Tower of Babel? The Ziggurat at Babylon, God confounds language
• Worship Figures
• Made to depict seeing God. 
• Graven Images?
• Mesopotamian Cylinder Seals
• Assyrian Winged-Bulls, Palace Guardian Figures
• Developed the City State
• Ex: The Ishtar Gate, Babylonian, 575 BCE

Egyptian, 2,500 BCE

• Advanced Civilization
• More life-life figure representation
• Funerary, directed toward the after-life
• Geographically isolated, consistency of style

Greek: 450 BCE

• Man is the measure of all things
• Man was depicted as an idealized hero (physically fit). 
• Law, medicine, government, culture
• Parthenon
• Life-like sculpture, Contrapposto
• Pottery
• Ex: hydra, lekythos, krater, kylix, amphora, oenochoe, etc.

Roman: 300 BCE - 400 AD

• Conquered the known world
• From the near east, northern Africa, Spain, France, Germany, etc. all the way up to England.
• If you conquer all of this land, you would have to administer over all of it.
• Greatest builders of all time
• Colosseum, Pantheon, Pont du Gard
• Interested in exporting their culture

-End of Class Discussion-

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CLASS LECTURE: (March 28, 2017)

Christian/Byzantine: 300-1000 AD

• Mosaics
• KEY to the Byzantine Empire.
• A picture that's made up of a bunch of little pieces of glass, rock, etc.
• Roman era was very literal, step forward to Byzantine Empire where mosaics are abstract.
• Stylized representation
• Hagia Sophia
• The Roman capital once moved to Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey. Byzantine Empire. Christianity was named Rome's official religion by Emperor Byzantine.
• There wasn't a difference between the leader of the church and the leader of the land.

Romanesque Era: 1000-1200 AD

• Church Building
• Round arches, fortress like
• Illuminated Manuscripts
• Thanks to the catholics, they kept learning and education alive, as well as the bible. One of the ways they did it is by copying the bible, and translating the bible.
• Because they were translating the word go God, they made it beautiful, filled with drawings in the margins. 
• Loosing the ability to represent people realistically. 

Gothic Era: 1150-1400 AD

• Barbarian influence on culture
• Pointed arches, stained glass
• Elaborate, soaring architecture
• Salt Lake Temple is an example of Gothic Revival
• Gargoil and Grotesques
• Ex: Notre Dame, used as drains for the rain.

Renaissance: 15th-16th century

• Rise of "Humanism" -- Man is the measure of all things....--
• Reasoning, science
• Study anatomy, nature
• Less about the church. It questioned some of the tenants of the church.
• The "great awakening"
• Birth place was in Florence, Italy
• Leanardo Da Vinci (1452-1519
• Very curious about everything.
• To illustrate his sketchbooks.
• He knew so much stuff, nearly everything, more than any other person.
• Created a bunch of stuff used in war, created musical instruments, etc.
• We classify him as an artist for the purpose of his class.
• Notorious for starting something and not finishing it.
• The "Mona Lisa"
• probably famous because it loos like a real person, unlike other paintings of the Italian Renaissance. Leonardo and Michelangelo were allowed to dissect dead bodies and studied anatomy. Appeals to reason instead of God so intently. 
• Believed in God, but not as much as Michelangelo
• "The Last Supper"
• Michelangelo Bournarroti (1476-1564)
• In order to finish everything he intended, he would have to be 500 years old.
• "The Pieta", "The Moses", "The David"
• Michelangelo considered himself a sculptor of marble.
• Still asked to be a painter, reluctantly painted the Sistine Chapel. 
• The ceiling is a series of storied from the Old Testament. 
• "The Creation of Man"

Baroque: 17th century

• Grand, dramatic, action, theatrical
• Complete understanding of anatomy and perspective
• Rembrant, Reubens, Bernini
• Peter Paul Reubens
• "The Raising of the Cross", "The Tiger Hunt"
• Shows action - something's happening inside the painting.
• Would paint these things in a couple of weeks. 
• Back then, the artist was a prince. Now artists are considered "dead-beats"
• Rembrant van Rijn
• "The Night Watch",
• Made a dent in his career
• Mixed story with drama 
• "Christ Preaching" (Etching).
• John Lorenzo Bernini
• "The David", "Daphne and Apollo", "The Ecstasy of St. Theresa"
• Action in the sculpture

Rococo: 18th century (French)

• Decline of the aristocracy
• Right before the French Revolution
• Pastel, playful, romance themes
• Corny courtship, but symbolic of the time.
• Fragonard, Watteau, Boucher
• Honore Fragonard
• "The Swing"
• Typifies the artwork of that era.
• Almost decor more than anything else.
• Flirtatious woman with a guy checking out her legs (at this time, showing an ankle was considered scandalous). The statue blushes at this indiscretion.
• Watteau
• "The Bathers"
• Pretty much an extension of the Baroque but to know no serious end.
• Architecture
• "Wieskirche", Germany
• Simple on the outside, elaborate on the inside
• Grand elaborateness of the Rococo period.

"A lot of times in art, you react against something that has been there for a long time (like a kid trying to shove mom and dad away when they go to college)

Neoclassicism: 19th century

• Didactic, (moral message)
• Return to classic era
• David, Ingres, Jefferson
• Jaques Louis David
• "The Death of Marat"
• The way that it is rendered is very different than before.
• Marat was sick and sat in a bath writing letters. A girl came in (relative of someone he sent to the guillotine) and plunged a dagger through his heart.
• Marat considered a martyr.
• "The Death of Socrates"
• We want our freedom! We need to prove that we can govern ourselves!
• Thomas Jefferson's home
• "Monticello"
• Looks like a Greek temple and a Roman Pantheon.
• Houdon
• "George Washington"

Romanticism: 19th century

• Passion, Intuition, Talent
• Things that we can't explain. What defies logic. Celebrates that we can't explain everything in the world!
• Nature, Emotion
• Primacy of the Individual
• Delacroix, Gericault
• Gericault
• "The Raft of the Medusa"
• Soldiers wrecked of the coast of North Africa, made a make shift raft, who will survive? Resorts to cannibalism. Some have hope, others given up hope, and others are dead.
• Delacriox
• "The Death of Sardanapalus"
• Exotic, interesting.
• Bonheur
• "The Horse Fair"
• Argued by Bro. Griffin that it is Romanticism.
• Dealt with things people don't understand. You don't know what's going to happen when you get on that horse. Nature is "untamable".

-End of Class Discussion-

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CLASS LECTURE: (March 30, 2017)

Realism: 19th century

• Represented subject truthfully
• "Show me an angel and I'll paint you one"
• Realism is wheat's REAL
• Show people as they really were
• Rejected emotionalism and exaggeration
• Rousseau, Corbet, Homer
• Social Realism
• What they were doing
• Optical Realism
• What it looked like
• Courbet
• "The Stone Breakers"
• Homer
• "Snap the Whip"
• Eakins
• "Champion Single Sculls"

Impressionism: 19th century

• Rapid execution, free brushstrokes
• Bright color
• Painting out-of-doors (plein air)
• Monet, Degas
• Impressionism was a big deal
• They'd paint all day, then get together and talk about painting and get drunk. This repeated over and over. Most (well known) impressionists did this.
• Monet
• "Impression Sunrise"
• "Haystacks"
• Experimented with atmospheric light

Post Impressionism: 19th century

• Individual expression by artists after Impressionism
• Included: Van Gogh, Gauguin, etc.
• Van Gogh
• "Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear"
• Only sold one painting in his entire life, even though all of the men in his family were art dealers.
• "The Starry Night"
• Thick, intense color.
• Gauguin
• "Self Portrait"
• "Day of the God" 
• "The Painter of Sunflowers"
• Painted Van Gogh painting sunflowers.
• Seurat
• "Sunday Afternoon on the Isle of La Grande Jatte"
• Cezanne
• Father of modern art
• "Monte St. Victoire"

Abstraction/Cubism: 20th century

• A departure from reality
• Independence from Renaissance ideals
• Reflection of modern world, technology, etc.
• Picasso, Kandinsky, Klee
• Picasso
• "The Old Guitarist"
• What would have been really intolerable 50 years prior
• Although done 100 years ago, still looks like modern art.
• "The Three Musicians"
• Kandinsky
• Very interested in color.
• Klee

Dadaism: 20th century

• Nihilistic, non-sensical, iconoclastic
• Against main stream culture
• Wanted to create an alternative culture
• Rejected nationalism, war, rationality
• DuChamp
• Oppenheim
• "The Fur-Lined Teacup"
• Duchamp
• "Ready Made altered for an auditory pun"
• Directly making fun of Mona Lisa

Surrealism: 20th century

• The use of surprise, unexpected juxtaposition
• Dream-like, allowed the sub-concious to speak
• Non-sequitur
• Salvador Dali
• "The Persistence of Memory"
• "Apparition of a Face and Fruit Dish on a Beach"
• "Sleep"
• Rene Magritte
• "The Son of Man"
• "The Grand Pyrenees"

Abstract Expressionism: 1940's -- present

• Reaction to WWII
• Assertion of the individual
• Free application of paint
• Rebellious, active, spontaneous
• Drip, dribble, splatter, splash
• New York City
• Frankenthaler
• Unfettered expression of human emotion through paint and color.
• The dreaded modern art
• "This style will last for a thousand years"
• Jackson Pollock

Pop Art: 1950's -- present

• Reflection of modern society
• Popular 
• Andy Warhol
• "Marilyn Monroe"
• "Soup Can"

Op Art: 1960's -- present

• Optical illusion as art.
• Victor Vasarely
• Most well known Op Artist in the world.

Photorealism: 1960's to present

• Using the camera image
• Base a painting on a photographic image.
• Church Close

Conceptual Art: 1970's -- present

• The idea takes precedence over the artifact

-End of Class Discussion-

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Architecture

Architecture

"You need to find something in life that's meaningful to you. Some will try to convince you that what you want to do wouldn't be the best for you. But make sure you keep your options open. Don't think if you don't achieve that personal goal that you've kept yourself from feeling fulfilled by it."

"Architecture is the combination of Aesthetics and Engineering"

LAST QUIZ ON TUESDAY
Final Exam will be on April 4th

CLASS LECTURE: (March 14, 2017)

Architecture

• Average lifespan of a building is 50 years.
• The combination of Aesthetic and Engineering
• Aesthetics = The beauty, design, and function of the structure.
• Engineering = must consider two factors: weight and tensile strength.
• Tensil strength = the ability of a material to span distances unsupported.

"If you want to know how old a building is... just weigh it." -- R. Buckminster Fuller

Architecture Structural Systems

• Shell System
• Blocks stacked on top of each other. Compresses the walls and holds the structure up. Nothing hidden.
• Ex: Cabins and igloos.
• Skeleton-and-Skin
• Internal framework that holds the structure up, and the walls are draped along the internal structure.
• Ex: Teepee

Load-bearing Construction

• Lower members supporting upper members.

Stacking and Piling

• Before, people would find shelter instead of making it.
• Then they got the idea that it would be smart to build a structure, and put effort into building shelters.
• Stacking and Piling used for ancient fortifications...
• Ex: The Ishtar Gate, or the original Spori building.
• New Spori building is a Skeleton-and-skin building.
• New uses for Stacking and Piling
• Ex: Using metal shipping containers and creating buildings out of them. 

Architecture Structural Families:

• Trabeated
• "Using the beam"
• Trabeated or post and lintel system
• Architecture Post-and-Lintel
• You have posts (sides) and the lintel (beam on top of the sides) putting stress down on the posts.
• Ex: Stonehenge, Ancient Egyptian culture, Ancient Greece (Parthenon).
• Arcuated
• "Using the arch."
• Arch and Barrel Vault (Rounded Arch)
• Ex: Pont du Gard (Nimes, France), Colosseum (Rome). 

Spotlight: Romanesque and Gothic Architecture

• The transition from round to pointed arches in the Middle Ages.
• Romanesque Architecture: Round Arch
• Romanesque = Roman like.
• @ 1000-1225 A.D.
• Round arches, thick walls, small windows, fortress-like, "masculine".
• Gothic Architecture: Pointed Arch and Vault
• Evolution of Romanesque 
• @1125-1400 A.D.
• Verticality is an important idea when it comes to religious architecture. 
• Ex: Notre Dame
• Pointed arch, greater height, larger windows, flying buttress, "feminine".
• If you see a combination of both styles, call it Romanesque.

Dome

• A rounded vault comprising the roof of a building.
• Stress comes down and out.
• Ex: Pantheon, Rome. (Dome on Drum)
• The oculus is approximately 30 feet in diameter.
• Pantheon = "To all the Gods"
• The Dome with Pendentives
• Pendentive is a triangular shape that transitions from the circle to the square.
• Ex: (1) Hagia Sophia, (2) The Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey. (3) Taj Mahal. (4) St. Peter's Basilica, Rome.,  (5) St Basil's Cathedral on Red Square, Moscow, Russia.,  (6) U.S. Capitol Building,Washington, D.C.,   (7) Salt Lake Tabernacle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.,   (8) Geodesic Dome, Buckminster Fuller. 

-End of Class Discussion-

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CLASS LECTURE: (March 16, 2017)

Modern Building Methods

• Casti-Iron Construction
• Greater tensil strength, lighter weight.
• Crystal Palace Joseph Paxton. Hyde Park, London. Cast Iron and Plate glass. 1851.
• Joseph Paxton was originally a greenhouse architect.
• Up to this point, it would take years and years to make a building. It took Paxton 16 weeks to make this building. 
• People couldn't believe it, mostly because there was so much light that came in. It was basically all windows!
• Plate glass was flexible, but really strong. 
• Cast Iron bridge
• Beginning to fit in with the industrial revolution.
• Eiffel Tower 
• Around 1,000 ft high. It's huge!
• Truss Construction
• Truss = A beam that has the weight removed and relies on triangles.
• Ex: Sydney Harbor Bridge
• Steel-Cage Construction
• A steel structure made of beams and columns.
• A combination of beams put together.
• Used to make skyscrapers.
• Ex: Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Missouri. Louis Sullivan. 1890-91, Considered the first skyscraper.
• International style
• Built in with the Steel Cage method.
• The clean lines and simplicity of it. The use of glass and steel. 
• Ex: Lever house, NYC. 
• Suspension
• Something is suspended, and usually from cables.
• Ex: Brooklyn Bridge., Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco. 
• Has more flexibility.
• Cantilever
• A structure anchored at one end, often projecting into space with no visible means of support. 
• A cantilever is a beam which is anchored which is anchored on one end and projects beyond its support.
• Ex: Falling Water, Mill Run, Pennsylvania. 1935. Frank Lloyd Wright. 
• Steel Reinforced-Concrete
• "Ferro concrete"
• It allows the concrete to be more flexible.
• Ex: Sydney Opera House, Australia., Concrete ships.
• Geodesic Domes

Architecture: Miscellaneous Examples

• Louvre, Parliament Building in London,...

Real or soon to be real?

-End of Class Discussion-

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Crafts

Crafts

CLASS LECTURE: (March 7, 2017)

Crafts

• Expert work, done by "Hand"...
• Craftwork is generally not mass produced, especially after the industrial revolution.
• In times like the Civil War, there was no mass production, so things had to be done by individuals.
• Traditional arts
• From clans, pedigrees, and countries.
• Whether or not we make them beautiful or useful depends on our skill, education, etc.
• Can range from a popsicle stick sculpture or making a violin.
• Tremendously wide definition; it's basically known as the functional arts.
• Form follows function
• When you make something, think of what it will do.
• In order for a craft to be valuable, it needs a function.
• Heirloom
• Heir = One who inherits something.
• Loom = A way of weaving fabric.
• Passed down through generations. 
• Has a lot of sentimental value and meaningful history. 
• Popular Craft
• Moderate skills required
• Done for enjoyment
• Example:
• Scrapbooking.
• Serious Crafting
• Done by professional crafters
• High level of skill
• Example:
• Violins

Traditional Media

• Clay
• Glass
• Metal
• Wood
• Fiber

Clay

• Ceramics / Keramos
• Qualities:
• Plastic
• Able to be formed, can use it to make things.
• It's basically dirt.
• Vitreous
• Having a glass-like quality
• Terra-cotta, when you fire it, it can take on some of the attributes of glass.
• Refers to the fact that it turns hard.

Types (Clay)

1. Earthenware
• Terra cotta
• Reddish clay, fired at lower temperatures (approximately 1800 degrees F.)
• It can become vitreous, but also not vitreous
• Water could potentially not go through it, or can go through it.
2. Stoneware
• Clays that are brown-grayish, fired at approximately 2300degrees F.
3. Porcelain
• Most refined clay
• Porcelain are white, fine clays fired at approximately 2700 degrees F.

Forming Methods (Clay)

1. Pinching
• Very common for people to do (we've all done it before)
• Holding the clay, then sticking your thumbs in it and it creates a bowl.
• Can create very nice pieces.
2. Coiling
• Make snakes and wind them up and smooth them over
• You normally start with a wooden bowl on bottom to make it symmetrical.
• Maria Martinez (1881-1980)
• Made these kind of pots and sold them on the roads to tourists.
• Could make using sheep dung
• Her pots could now be sold for half a million dollars.
3. Slabbing
• Making things that are geometric
• Slip
• Liquified clay
• Has a lot of water with it
• Acts as a glue to put on edges of slabs, then when the two slabs are pressed together, it keeps them together.
4. Throwing
• What you do when you put clay on a potters wheel and spin it around.
• You have to take it off the potters wheel and dry it slowly
• If you dry it too fast, it cracks.
• This is called Greenware
• unfired pottery
• First firing called Bisque
• Becomes Bisqueware
• Glaze 
• A glaze looks nothing like what it will look like after the glaze firing.
• Glaze firing is the second firing
• Glaze and glass are the same word.
• Temperature has to be controlled in the cooling process after the glaze firing.

Glass

• A supercooled liquid
• SiO2
• Silica - Sand
• Basically melted sand

Forming Methods (Glass)

• Moulding
• Sculpting
• Blowing
• Venice, Italy

-End of Class Discussion-

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"You don't always need fancy equipment to make beautiful stuff."

CLASS LECTURE: (March 9, 2017)

Throwing

• Process
• Wedge the clay
• Cut to manageable pieces, then pushed and pressed so all air bubbles will leave.
• Centering the clay on the wheel
• Opening a cylinder
• Forming
• Trimming
• Left with Greenware
• Clay that has been formed but not fired; can return to clay status.
• Bisque firing
• Has to be done slowly, example was 24 hours, so all moisture will leave
• Left with Bisqueware
• Clay that has been permanently altered
• Applying the Glaze
• Glazes are coatings consisting of different minerals, etc., that react to firing.
• Glazes react to the kiln and creates different colors based on temperatures.
• Glaze Firing
• Final Step in firing ceramics.

Glass

• Attach glass to the end of the Blowpipe
• Blowing and sculpting the glass
• Glass as a craft...
• Glass as art...

Metal

• Forming Processes
1. Forging
• Repoussé / annealing
• Blacksmiths
• You start placing it in hot fire called a "Forge", hot enough to melt metal.
• Hammering the metal on an anvil.
• Shaping the metal
• Left with the finished product
2. Casting
• Cire Perdue
3. Fabricating
• Welding/Soldering/Rivetting

Wood

• Carving
• Turning - Lathe
• When you spin the wood around, then take a chisel and place it on the wood to carve it.
• Assembling
• Decorating
• Inlay - Marquetry
• Fabrication
• Other uses...
• Making barrels
• Inlaid Wood Marquetry

Fiber

• Types of Fibers
1. Animal
• Wool / Silk
2. Plant
• Cotton / Linen
3. Synthetic
• Nylon / Polyester
• Fabric Forming Processes
• Weaving
• Loom, Warp & Weft
• A basic, simple idea, but by performing that simple idea, you can create complicated and beautiful pieces.
• Warp are the vertical fibers
• Weft are the horizontal fibers.
• Knotting
• Knit, Crochet, Tat, Macramé
• Tatting takes Macrame to a finer degree.
• Made out of knotted thread. 

Fiber Fabric Decorating Processes

• Embroidery
• Needlepoint
• Applique
• Sewing material together
• Material sewn on other material.
• Tapestry
• Painting a picture with thread.
• Dying
• Quilting

Book Arts

• Paper / Papyrus
• Leather, Vellum / Parchment

-End of Class Discussion-

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