Printmaking

Printmaking

CLASS LECTURE: (January 31, 2017) & (February 2, 2017)

Make sure you retake the quizzes that you've missed! If you've missed two or more, you may not be able to retake them!

This is a good website to visit to review the processes!

<www.moma.org>

"What is a Print?"

Historical, Fine Art Printmaking

• There was a time when making a multiple of anything was really difficult to do.
• Multiple Originals
• Almost an oxymoron term
• An exact reproduction of something else.
• Mechanically reproduced = Reproduction
• Not that valuable
• The artist creates the surface
• And from that surface, he makes multiple originals.
• These are hand-done, and not machine-done.
• Carved wooden surface
• It gets covered with ink
• A paper is placed on top of it
• Pressure is put on the paper and wood
• A copy of the carving is printed on the paper.
• Matrix
• The surface they use (such as wood)
• Edition
• All of the copies are meant to be identical. Exactly the same.
• Most editions are fairly small.
• After the number of reproductions are printed (ex. 5/5 reproductions), the artist will put a large "X" on the wood as cancelation proof. This way, no one else can continue to make copies.
• How to tell the difference between reproductions and originals.
• Reproductions typically have...
• Really shiny paper
• A dot pattern
• Can't be seen with the naked eye.
• Sometimes considered a "fine art print".

Four Families of Printmaking

• Relief
• Reverse Print
• It will be printed backward

• 

  Two-Block Relief Print

• "Wood Cut"
• The raised surface that prints.
• Think of muddy boots or a rubber stamp.
• Woodcut, Linocut, and Wood Engraving
• To create a colored relief print, you have to use multiple blocks of approximately the same size.
• For example, you would use a block to print out the color blue on the paper, then you would use a different block afterward to print black on the paper.
• If you use multiple blocks, you have to register them.
•  Register
• Precise alignment of each block so that they line up together accurately to make a correct print.

Intaglio

• Intaglio
• Reverse Print
• Prints below the surface.
• Drypoint, Etching, Aquatint, and Mezzotint.
• Matrix:
• Copper, Zinc, Titanium, etc.

• Lithography
• Reverse Print

  

  Lithography on Limestone

• Created by Alois Senefelder
• "Stone Writing"
• Prints the surface
• Matrix
• Bavarian Limestone (most common) and Aluminum Plates
• Use lithographic crayons to draw on stone
• To make it look more like a watercolor, use tusche.
• Tusche is a greasy black liquid, used as ink to make lithographic drawings.

• Serigraphy
• Direct Print
• It will not be printed backwards.

  

  Serigraphy

• "Screen Print"
• "Cloth Writing"
• Print through a silk screen.
• Paint is "squeegee-ed" across the screen, and the exposed paper will be covered in paint.

Proofs

• Trial Prints

Edition

• Series, signed and numbered.

Standards of Printmaking

• Genuine work of the artist
• printed or supervised by artist
• each print is examined
• edition is specified and limited
• plate or block is cancelled
• artist signs and numbers each.

-End of Class Discussion-

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Drawing and Painting

Hello, everyone! I will be writing out the notes of each class and posting them on this blog for you all to see! Now, I want to make sure that these notes help you guys as much as possible. So if anyone has questions that they would like me to answer in the notes, or even ways to make the notes clearer or more interesting to read, send me an email and let me know!
My email is: gra14010@byui.edu
Again, I'm so sorry for last week's notes coming in so late!

Things to know:

• Things written and highlighted like this are terms our professor would like us to remember. They will be on the test.
• For quotations that are written in light gray and italicized, they are simply quotes from either the professor or other classmates during our discussions.
• Things written in red were emphasized in class.

Drawing and Painting

CLASS LECTURE: (January 24, 2017)

Doodling?

• Drawing is a kind of natural activity.
• It's kind of at the base of what we do.

Drawing

• Drawing is OLD!
• Drawing came before language. It came before written words.
• It has been used for a variety of purposes.
• Pictograph
• A written or drawn picture of something.
• Like a picture of a house: a square with a triangle on top with a rectangle as a chimney.
• Ideograph
• ex: a skull and crossbones.
• These are from pre-history. Before written history.

Why do people Draw?

• Information 
• Graphic Design
• Examples:
• Street Signs
• Blueprints
• Maps
• These are purely informational
• Illustration
• Illustration
• Example:
• Textbook pictures
• These tend to be whimsical and interpretive, almost like caricature of life.
• Distortions of life.
• Expression

• Fine Art
• More artistic.
• Self expression. 
• Not necessarily realistic or literal.

Medium

• Dry Medium

• Pencil / Graphite
• Metalpoint
• Scratchboard
• Charcoal
• Chalk
• Crayon
• Pastels
• Liquid Medium
• Pen and Ink
• Brush and Ink
• New Medium
• All of these will be located in the textbook!

• Technique is "a way of doing something".

"Tooth" of the Paper

• The rough surface of the paper.

Pencil

Pencils

• H stands for "hard".
• B stands for "black".

Charcoal

Charcoal

• Carbonized plant material
• Literally a burnt stick.
• Very blend-able and dark.

Chalk, Crayon, and Pastel

• Crayon
• Pigment particles with wax.
• Not really talked about in class.
• Chalk Pastel
• Dry pastel.
• They make a dough out of a weak, watery glue. When it dries, they are turned into sticks.
• Oil Pastel
• Wet pastel.
• A waxy oil concentration in it that holds the particles together.
• Not as blend-able as chalk pastels.
• Kind of like a crayon, but more sophisticated.
• They have more pigment particles in them than in crayons.

Liquid Medium

• Pen and Ink
• ...
• Brush and Ink
• ...
• We were shown examples in class.

Cartoon by Raphael

Preliminary Studies

• *** Cartoon ***
• Preliminary sketches.
• Example:
• "Madonna and Child with Infant St. John" by Raphael in 1505 had both a "cartoon" version as well as the finished painting.

-End of Class Discussion-

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CLASS LECTURE: (January 26, 2017)

Painting

• Pigment

• Mix in a medium or a binder. (What hooks the pigment together).
• Mix in eggs for egg tempera
• Mix in gum from the acacia tree for watercolor.
• Mix in linseed oil for oil paint.
• Cleaning
• Use an oil base to clean off oil paint. Oil and water don't mix.

• Painting Medium
• Encaustic
• Fresco
• Egg Tempera
• Oil
• Watercolor
• Gouache
• Acrylic

• Painting Vocabulary
• Pigment
• Color particles.
• Medium or Binder
• Substance that holds the pigment.
• Solvent
• Substance that thins the medium and pigment.
• Support or Substrate
• Canvas, wood, paper, etc.
• Something to paint on.

Encaustic Painting on a Sarcophagus

Encaustic

• Why would someone mix paint with wax?
• Texture
• What do you have to do to use it?
• You have to heat it.
• Used in coptic times to create realistic portraits of the deceased in a sarcophagus.

Fresco Painting
"The School of Athens"

Fresco

• Two types:
• Bon & Fresco Seco.
• A water-based paint on wet plaster so that the paint will actually soak into the wall and become a part of the wall.
• What was done for the Sistine Chapel 
• Problem: Only 9 sq. ft. could be painted during each session.

Tempera Painting

Tempera

• Egg Tempera was the medium of choice through the Renaissance. 
• Yolk of the egg, mixed with paint, mixed with water.

Oil

• Pigment particles mixed with linseed oil.
• The paint is much like toothpaste.
• Dries at a slow rate.
• You can blend it and continue to work on it over a wider span of time.



Oil Painting

• Can dry faster if put in heat or in light.
• "Man with a red turban" by Jan van Eyck
• Draw his face and turban in black, white, and gray and wait until it dries. 
• Build up the red and other colors on top of it. Then an almost transparent layer of paint will go over the whole painting to make it warmer/colder. This is called "glazing".
• Direct painting
• brighter, no glaze. 

Substrate

• The reason why you paint on a stretched canvas is so that it can "breathe"
• It dries from both sides of the canvas.

Watercolor

• Water mixed with gum arabic.
• Must work from light to dark.
• Paint the light areas first, then build on the dark elements after it dries.
• The poor child of oil painting.
• Sometimes are a "cartoon" or a "preliminary sketch".
• Transparent Watercolor



Transparent Watercolor Painting

• The picture has to be planned out.
• Light strokes of a pencil to outline that you don't end up erasing.
• Work from general to specific
• Start with a graded wash.
• Wash is more medium (substance that holds the pigment together) and less pigment.
• Everything in the painting that is white will be the direct paper with nothing on it.
• Paintings are "stains" on a white piece of paper.
• Opaque Watercolor (or Gouache)
• Used to be a designers medium.
• Not transparent.
• White in the painting will be white paint, not the paper.

Acrylic Painting

Acrylics

• Like oil paint, but it's water based and the colors are brighter.
• Harsher, unable to blend as well as oil painting.
• Paint is essentially plastic. It's tough.

Painting Terms and Techniques

• Impasto
• Meaning "thick".

  

  Impasto Painting

• Paint stacked up on top of paint.
• Wash
• The opposite of impasto.
• A lot of solvent (water/paint thinner) and very little pigment.
• putting the pigment particles into solution.
• "Transparent"
• Glaze
• The word "glaze" and the word "glass" are exactly the same word.
• A glaze is a translucent combination of paint and medium.
• It can only get darker.
• It's thicker than a wash.
• "Translucent"

-End of Class Discussion-

___________________________________________________________

The Visual Elements / Principle of Design

Hello, everyone! I will be writing out the notes of each class and posting them on this blog for you all to see! Now, I want to make sure that these notes help you guys as much as possible. So if anyone has questions that they would like me to answer in the notes, or even ways to make the notes clearer or more interesting to read, send me an email and let me know!
My email is: gra14010@byui.edu
I'm looking forward to a great semester with you all!

Things to know:

• Things written and highlighted like this are terms our professor would like us to remember. They will be on the test.
• For quotations that are written in light gray and italicized, they are simply quotes from either the professor or other classmates during our discussions.
• Things written in red were emphasized in class.

I'm sorry this week's notes have been late! I'm sure I'm not the only one who got really sick recently! Thank you so much for your patience!

The Visual Elements / Principle of Design

CLASS LECTURE: (January 17, 2017)

Elements

• Line
• A "path of action", "abstract necessity"
• A set of lines can create an abstract profile of a person's face. An abstraction from the truth.
• Lines can betray themselves.
• Line quality
• "character" of a line
• calligraphy
• thin/thick, grainy/smooth, dark/light, fast/slow.
• The use of line is EVERYWHERE!
• Types of line:
1. actual
2. implied
3. edges

• Shape
• A "line turned back on itself"
• It encloses space and creates shape.
• Organic & Geometric Shapes
• Geometric Shapes
• man-made
• Organic Shapes
• nature-made
• following the path of least resistance
• ex: the paths of streams and rivers
• We prize both of these qualities of design.
• Negative / Positive Shapes
• The objects we see as objects are considered "positive" shapes.
• Everything around the objects are considered "negative" shapes.
• You can't just draw the object, you have to draw what is around it.
• Figure / Ground

• Texture
• Rough / Smooth
• Actual VS Implied
• actual = it's real
• implied = it's not real

• Value
• "Lightness or darkness of something"
• Typical gray scale.
• Usually 9 steps.
• High Key / Low Key
• High Key = light and happy!
• Low Key = dark and moody.
• Full Range = everywhere from black to white and all of the grays in between.
• CHIAROSCURO (light / dark)
• "shading"
1. highlight (brightest)
2. light
3. halftone
4. core shadow
5. reflected light
6. cast shadow

• Color 
• "The most emotional element"
• Color effects us on a subliminal level.
• The color wheel
• Primary Colors
• Secondary Colors
• Tertiary Colors
• Primary Colors
• Red, Yellow, and Blue
• They need to come first.
• They exist to create any other colors.
• Secondary Colors 
• Orange, Green, and Violet (Purple)
• Tertiary Colors
• Red Orange, Yellow Orange, Yellow Green, Blue Green, Blue Violet, Red Violet.
• Color Temperature
• Warm Colors
• Reds, Oranges, and Yellows.
• They "come forward".
• Cool Colors
• Blues, Violets, and Greens.
• They "fall behind", and are "visually receding".
• Hue
• The name of the color.
• Value
• It's lightness or darkness.
• Intensity
• It's saturation (brightness / dullness). 
• Color Form
• Color + White
• "tint"
• Color + Gray
• "tone"
• Color + Black
• "shade"
• Color Schemes
• Monochromatic.
• One color + Black and White
• Analogous
• Color + adjacent color (in the color wheel)
• Complementary 
• Color + it's opposite color (ex: Red and Green)
• Split-Complementary
• Color + adjacent of it's opposite 
• Triadic
• Color = Equidistant Triangle (ex: Red, Yellow, and Blue)
• Optical Effects of Color
• Simultaneous contrast
• Optical VS Mechanical Mixing
• Optical
• If we put a red and blue dot next to each other, our eyes will se purple.
• Mechanical
• We would actually mix the colors red and blue before painting.
• Pattern / Texture

• Time
• Space
• Linear Perspective
• When you use vanishing points on a horizon line.
• Atmospheric Perspective
• As something goes away from you it gets less distinct, lighter in value, and cooler in color.
• Scale
• An expected or relative size
• Proportion
• The relation of the part to the whole

• Motion

-End of Class Discussion-

___________________________________________________________

CLASS LECTURE: (January 19, 2017)

Simultaneous Contrast

• "Opposites intensify"
• If you want something to look really blue, you put it in a field of orange.
• If you want to see a color in the most exquisite form you can, put it with the opposite color.

After Image

• Mechanics of your eye register color opposites.
• Color opposites.
• There is a tremendous amount of psychology involved with color.
• Psychological effect of bright colors on laundry detergent (in stores) make you think that it will be "fresh" and "clean". We want our clothes to be bright, clean, and fresh.
• Steak is surrounded by fake green parsley to make it look more red.
• "Red" increases your appetite, which is why many restaurants use this color.

Principles

• Unity & Variety
• Unity = Sameness
• Variety = Differentness
• Unity
• monotonous
• boring
• Variety
• chaotic
• It's more interesting if something is a little more in unity or has a little more variety, not exactly between the two.
• Emphasis & Subordination
• Subordinate
• Try to make it blend into its surroundings
• Emphasis
• Make it stand out.
• Scale & Proportion
• Scale
• mini, big, etc.
• Proportion
• ... 
• Balance
• Formal / Symmetrical Balance
• Think of a teeter toter
• Informal / Asymmetrical Balance
• Imagine a small square on one side of the teeter toter with a large square on the other with the balancing triangle placed just right to keep them from falling.
• Radial Balance
• A group of repeated elements.
• Creates unity, motion, and progression.

-End of Class Discussion-

___________________________________________________________

Introduction / What is Art? / Living With Art / Themes of Art

Hello, everyone! I will be writing out the notes of each class and posting them on this blog for you all to see! Now, I want to make sure that these notes help you guys as much as possible. So if anyone has questions that they would like me to answer in the notes, or even ways to make the notes clearer or more interesting to read, send me an email and let me know!
My email is: gra14010@byui.edu
I'm looking forward to a great semester with you all!

Things to know:

• Things written and highlighted like this are terms our professor would like us to remember. They will be on the test.
• For quotations that are written in light gray and italicized, they are simply quotes from either the professor or other classmates during our discussions.
• Things written in red were emphasized in class.

Introduction / What is Art? / Living With Art / Themes of Art

ABOUT THE CLASS:

• Be careful of technology! During class time, don't use your phones or computers for anything other than the class, or you're at risk of being asked to leave.
• We have extra credit opportunities! By attending art openings and galleries, we can receive extra points (5 pts. per attendance).
• Each quiz is worth 50 points. It includes 25 multiple choice/true or false questions.
• Quizes will all be taken in class.
• Be prepared for pop quizzes!
• Read (or at the very least skim) the textbook material before coming to class.
• We will be tested on what is talked about in class, so make sure to take your own notes as well!

TA Information:

• Leah Western
• blu15003@byui.edu
• (913) 488-1552

CLASS LECTURE: (January 5, 2017)

"Art is something that defines us as human beings."

"You have the possibility to do lots of things that may become the high points of your life. You can chart your life."

We all have... The Impulse for Art

• We all want to express ourselves individually.

Prehistoric Art

1. Art has always been here.
2. Art is everywhere.
• He gives us examples of cave-drawings. 
• Before photography existed, art was a necessity                                                      to capture important moments in history.

Children's or Naïve Art

• Children's Art
• Naïve Art
• Naïve is meaning "innocent".
• The art is inhibited.
• Simply expressing their world.
• Folk Art
• Again: innocent.
•  The artists are not academically trained
• We were given an example of a painting where the figure was not drawn anatomically correct.
• This is what makes the art unique and beautiful.

"...you will do something because you like to do it - period."

"Everyone has a talent, something to contribute. Find out what it is!"

Naturally... people want to create things. For some, The Impulse for Art is very strong.

Thirteenth Article of Faith

"... If there is anything virtuous, lovely, or of good report or praiseworthy, we seek after these things."

• In other words, we need to make an effort to separate the good from the "not-as-good". Meaningful things and things that will make us grow should be separated from things that just happen. 
• We need to seek after beautiful things. 

The Search for Beauty

"... there is beauty all around..."

• We all understand natural beauty. 

Aesthetics VS Anesthetics

• Aesthetic
• High culture
• What makes something beautiful.
• To feel something: to have a sense of the beautiful, a higher level of appreciation.
• Feel more!
• Anesthetic
• Low culture
• A negative influence on our psyche.
• To feel less: to dull the senses, a lower level of experience. (Think of being given an anesthetic at a dental office -- it lessens your sensitivity.)
• Feel less!

What do Artists do?

1. Create places for some human purpose.
2. Create extraordinary versions of ordinary objects.
3. Record and commemorate.
4. Give tangible form to the unknown.
5. Give tangible form to feelings & emotions.
• This is what Bro. Griffin believes to be most important.
• Artists aren't bound to extreme rules.

-End of Class Discussion-

___________________________________________________________

CLASS LECTURE: (January 10, 2017)

"There is a difference between looking at something and actually seeing something."

Categories of Art

• Representational Art
• The subject matter is recognizable.
• "Naturalistic"
• The way something would appear in nature.
• It represents something else.

• Abstract Art
• The subject matter is altered.
• It has been designed/stylized.
• "We're going to abstract the truth."
• It is simplified, only showing the basic "facts" about something.
• Boiling down the essence of something for artistic purposes.
• We were given the example of almond extract when cooking.

• Non-Representational Art
• There is no recognizable subject matter.
• We were given the example of a painter creating masses of green. It may give him a feeling of a forest, but he did not create trees because they would distract from the feeling. It would be doing him a disservice. 

• Trompe l' oeil
• "To fool the eye"
• The art piece is created so realistically that it actually looks real and literal.
• The painting becomes hyper-real, or super-real.

Style & Technique

• The approach to the subject and handling of the medium varies between artists.
• We were given the following example:

by Henri Matisse

by Chuck Close

• Iconography
• Symbolism that helps convey the meaning behind the piece.
• Subtle references and Imagery that reinforce the main idea of the work.

• The dog refers to the fidelity, loyalty, and commitment in this new marriage.
• They weren't wearing shoes to show they were standing on "holy ground". Symbolic of their union being sacred.
• The excessive amount of cloth on the woman's dress was to show their wealth and prosperity.
• The mirror in the back its surrounded by pictures of Christ and can see everything. This refers to the omnipotence of God.
• One lit candle is on the chandelier. This symbolizes the presence of the Holy Ghost.

• Content
• the message or meaning in a work of art.
• Context
• The connection of the artwork to the culture.

- End of Class Discussion -

___________________________________________________________

CLASS LECTURE (January 12, 2017)

TUESDAY is our first quiz! Come prepared to be tested on what we have talked about in class!

"I want art to be a comfortable armchair at the end of the day... I want to come home and relax."

Themes & Purposes of Art

• Themes
• A thread of similarity or continuity.
• "What?"
• Purposes
• The message, meaning, or idea.
• "Why?"

Themes:

Magic & Survival

• These images meant something to the people living at this time.
• With "Hall of the Bulls", it may have been meant to gain "sympathetic magic" or "good luck" for their hunt.
• Paleolithic era

• Some of the first signs of art
• Megalithic Architecture
• To shelter and protect their group.
• Stonehenge

Religion

• Edifices of worship
• Make visible that which is spiritual.
• Teaching of religious stories and events.
• Parthenon
• Salt Lake Temple

Pride & Politics

• Examples:
• Swastika
• Sculpture of George Washington in a neoclassical style.
• "He is a God on Mount Olympus essentially."

Genre

• Mirror everyday life
• We can learn about what life was like back then.

Nature

"If there wasn't any nature, I don't think there would be any art."

"Nature is God's art."

• Examples:
• Thomas Moran - "Yosemite"
• The Haywain - Constable

Imagination & Fantasy

• Images and inspiration from within.
• Surrealism

- End of Class Discussion -